Leaders of the world's biggest economies agreed to pace their interest rate hikes carefully to avoid spillovers and warned of "increased volatility" in currency moves, a sea change from last year's focus on mending the scars of the Covid-19 pandemic.

In a leaders' declaration signed on Wednesday, the Group of 20 members said the world economy was facing "unparalleled multidimensional crises" ranging from the war in Ukraine to a surge in inflation, which are forcing many central banks to tighten monetary policy.

"G20 central banks... are closely monitoring the impact of price pressures on inflation expectations and will continue to appropriately calibrate the pace of monetary policy tightening in a data-dependent and clearly communicated manner," said the statement signed after a two-day G20 summit held in Bali.

The central banks will also be mindful of the need to limit spillovers, the statement added, in a nod to emerging economies' concerns about the potential for huge capital outflows if aggressive US rate hikes continue.

"Central bank independence is crucial to achieving these goals and buttressing monetary policy credibility," it added.

The emphasis on the need to fight inflation contrasted with the G20 statement last year, which said central banks must avoid overreacting to transitory rises in inflation.

The G20 leaders also called for "temporary and targeted" fiscal spending to low-income households which are particularly vulnerable to rising living costs. Last year, the leaders warned against any premature withdrawal of support to ensure the global recovery remained intact.

The shift in tone underscores the rapid change in the global environment and policymakers' priorities, caused in large part by the start of the war in Ukraine in February. An abrupt, sharp rise in inflation, driven by increasing commodity and fuel costs, caught many central banks off guard and forced them to shift gear towards rapid monetary tightening. Now, policymakers are faced with the dilemma of having to combat inflation with interest rate hikes, without cooling economies that are already facing the risk of recession.

The head of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) warned of the risk of various uncertainties clouding the global economic outlook.

"It may not happen everywhere, but several key countries risk sliding into recession," said WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala.

"Of course, the impact of that can be quite significant for emerging markets and poor countries, which need external demand from the developed countries to recover," she told Reuters.

Aggressive rate hikes by the US Federal Reserve have already jolted financial markets by causing a broad-based rise in the dollar, forcing countries like Japan to intervene in the foreign exchange market to stem sharp declines in their currencies.

In Wednesday's declaration, the G20 members reaffirmed their commitment to avoid excessive currency volatility. It also included a phrase recognising that many currencies have "moved significantly this year with increased volatility". (Reuters)