US stocks gave up an early gain and ended lower on Tuesday, a lacklustre first trading day of 2023 for Wall Street just days after it closed the books on its worst year since 2008.

The S&P 500 shed a 1 percent gain and finished 0.4 percent lower at 3,824. The Dow Jones Industrial Average slipped less than 0.1 percent at 33,136 and the Nasdaq composite dropped 0.8 percent to 10,386.

Technology stocks were among the biggest weights on the market. Apple fell 3.7 percent, leaving its market value below US$2 trillion for the first time since March 8, 2021. Shares in the iPhone maker fell nearly 27 percent in 2022, their first annual decline in four years amid a broad slide in technology sector stocks.

Investors are opening a new year with the same concerns that weighed on markets in 2022, leading the benchmark S&P 500 to plunge nearly 20 percent for the year, just its third annual decline since the financial crisis 14 years ago.

“With the market down 20 percent, things are on sale, 20 percent off,” said Randy Frederick, managing director of trading & derivatives at Charles Schwab. “You’d think people would be willing to come in and buy a little bit, if they’re long-term focused. In the short term, it’s a little bit tougher.”

Inflation is easing, but remains stubbornly hot, which has prompted the Federal Reserve to keep raising interest rates to slow economic growth. That has left Wall Street bracing for the recession and higher unemployment that could result from those policies.

The Fed will release minutes from its December policy meeting on Wednesday, potentially giving investors more insight into its decision-making process and thoughts heading into 2023. The central bank’s next policy decision on interest rates is set for February 1.

The Fed’s key lending rate stands at a range of 4.25 percent to 4.5 percent after rocketing from a range of 0 percent to 0.25 percent at the beginning of 2022. The US central bank forecasts that it will reach a range of 5 percent to 5.25 percent by the end of 2023 and it currently doesn’t call for a rate cut before 2024.

Investors are also looking ahead this week to several updates on the employment market, which has been a strong area of the broader economy. That has helped buffer the economy from a recession, analysts have said, but it also makes the Fed’s fight against inflation more difficult and raises that risk that it could go too far and bring on a recession.

The government will release a report on Wednesday on job openings for November, followed by a weekly report on unemployment on Thursday. The broader and closely-watched monthly report on employment, for December, will be released on Friday.

”If we get a weak report, that would be a boost to the market because it might imply that the Fed will ease back a bit on the rate hikes," Frederick said.

Wall Street is also waiting on the latest round of corporate earnings reports, which will start flowing heavily around the middle of January. Analysts polled by FactSet expect earnings for companies in the S&P 500 to broadly slip during the fourth quarter and remain flat for the first half of 2023. (AP)